Publications

Published, peer-reviewed, patented.

The science behind Intelligent Material: papers co-authored by IMS, the field studies that use our reporters, the U.S. patents that protect it, and the work at RCA Laboratories and Penn it grew out of.

Nature Chemistry · PNAS · SPIE67 papers by Paul Corstjens and colleagues21 U.S. patents

Peer-reviewed papers co-authored by IMS

2018
MRS Advances · Materials Research SocietyThermal and optical characterization of upconverting thermographic phosphor polymer composite filmsF. Sabri, S. W. Allison, M. Aryal, J. Collins, H. Bell (IMS)

Rare-earth phosphors in flexible silicone films as reusable temperature sensors, read with a 980 nm laser from −50 to +200 °C. See the thermal data and Intelligent Material as sensors.

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2013
Nature Chemistry 5, 466–473Competition of shape and interaction patchiness for self-assembling nanoplatesX. Ye, J. Chen, M. Engel, A. J. Millan, W. Li, L. Qi, G. Xing, J. E. Collins (IMS), C. R. Kagan, J. Li, S. C. Glotzer, C. B. Murray

Why rare-earth plates pack the way they do: shape competes with how strongly the coating grips each edge.

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2010
PNAS 107, 22430–22435Morphologically controlled synthesis of colloidal upconversion nanophosphors and their shape-directed self-assemblyX. Ye, J. E. Collins (IMS), Y. Kang, J. Chen, D. T. N. Chen, A. G. Yodh, C. B. Murray

One recipe grows upconverting crystals as spheres, rods, prisms or plates, all the same size, which then self-assemble.

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Conference proceedings (SPIE)

2010
Proc. SPIENovel applications of diagnostic X-rays in activating photo-agents through X-ray induced visible luminescence from rare-earth particles: an in-vitro studyIMS with clinical collaborators

Turning X-ray energy into visible light that can activate light-sensitive drugs deep in tissue.

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2007
Proc. SPIEInfrared light utilized for photodynamic therapy by activation of rare earth phosphors for visible light generationJ. E. Collins, H. Bell (IMS) and colleagues

808 and 980 nm infrared converted to visible light near 550 and 663 nm, matched to photosensitizer absorption.

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Field studies with upconverting reporters

Paul Corstjens and colleagues, Leiden University Medical Center

Dr. Paul Corstjens and his colleagues at LUMC turned upconverting crystal reporters into quantitative lateral-flow tests and validated them with patients and animals on three continents. Every paper below is co-authored by him; ★ marks papers where he is first author. Links open PubMed. See how the work feeds our diagnostics programs.

67papers
2001first paper
34on schistosomiasis
11on leprosy and TB

From PubMed, October 2026. Not every study used crystals made by IMS; many are field evaluations that use the upconverting-reporter test (UCP-LF) as a reference.

Where it comes from

1993
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706–8715Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = S, Se, Te) semiconductor nanocrystallitesC. B. Murray, D. J. Norris, M. G. Bawendi

The uniform-nanocrystal synthesis recognized by the 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Christopher Murray is an inventor on the IMS / Penn uniform-crystal patents.

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1971
Metallurgical Transactions 2, 763–767Rare-earth-doped oxysulfides for GaAs-pumped luminescent devicesP. N. Yocom, J. P. Wittke, I. Ladany, RCA Laboratories, Princeton

Infrared-to-visible rare-earth oxysulfides, reported from the RCA building IMS works in today. See it measured on Our data.

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Working on something we should read?

We collaborate with universities, government labs and companies. Data sets, samples, SDS and TDS are available under NDA.